The Seven Liberal Arts That the Universities of Europe Established as Their Curriculum Comprised the

Traditional academic programme in Western higher educational activity

Liberal arts education (from Latin liberalis "gratuitous" and ars "art or principled do")^[1] is the traditional bookish program in Western higher educational activity.^[2] Liberal arts takes the term art in the sense of a learned skill rather than specifically the fine arts. Liberal arts instruction can refer to studies in a liberal arts degree program or to a university education more mostly. Such a course of study contrasts with those that are principally vocational, professional, or technical.

History [edit]

Before they became known by their Latin variations ( artes liberales , septem artes liberales , studia liberalia ),^[3] the liberal arts were the continuation of Ancient Greek methods of enquiry that began with a "desire for a universal understanding."^[4] Pythagoras argued that there was a mathematical and geometrical harmony to the cosmos or the universe; his followers linked the four arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into one surface area of study to form the "disciplines of the mediaeval quadrivium".^[5] In fourth-century Athens, the government of the polis, or city-state, respected the ability of rhetoric or public speaking above most everything else.^[6] Eventually rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic (logic) became the educational programme of the trivium. Together they came to be known as the seven liberal arts.^[7] Originally these subjects or skills were held by classical antiquity to be essential for a free person ( liberalis , "worthy of a free person")^[eight] to larn in order to take an active function in civic life, something that included amidst other things participating in public debate, defending oneself in court, serving on juries, and participating in military service. While the arts of the quadrivium might have appeared prior to the arts of the trivium, by the eye ages educational programmes taught the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric) first while the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy) were the following stage of education.^[9]

Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "well-rounded teaching" – of belatedly Classical and Hellenistic Hellenic republic, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia ) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" ( artes liberales ) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, but information technology is unclear if he created the term.^[x] ^[11] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in teaching from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistles.^[12] The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,^[13] and information technology was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Union of Mercury and Philology,^[14] that they took on canonical grade.^{[ citation needed ]}

The four "scientific" artes —music, arithmetics, geometry, and astronomy—were known from the time of Boethius onwards every bit the quadrivium. Subsequently the ninth century, the remaining three arts of the "humanities"—grammar, logic, and rhetoric—‚were grouped as the trivium.^[13] It was in that 2-fold form that the vii liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western academy.^[fifteen] ^[16] During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to have predominance over the other parts of the trivium.^[17]

In the twelfth century the iconic image – Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and vii liberal arts) – was produced by an Alsatian nun and abbess Herrad of Landsberg with her community of women every bit function of the Hortus deliciarum .^[18] Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended every bit a teaching tool for women of the abbey.^[xix] Compiled betwixt 1167 and 1185 it contained humanity's nearly significant ideas. The image Philosophy and seven liberal arts represents the circle of philosophy, and is presented every bit a rosette of a cathedral: a central circle and a series of semicircles bundled all around. It shows learning and knowledge organised into seven relations, the Septem Artes Liberales or Vii Liberal Arts. Each of these arts find their source in the Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom".^[eighteen] St. Albert the Great, a physician of the Catholic Church building, asserted that the seven liberal arts were referred to in Sacred Scripture, proverb: "It is written, 'Wisdom hath built herself a firm, she hath hewn her out seven pillars' (Proverbs 9:1). This firm is the Blest Virgin; the vii pillars are the seven liberal arts."^[xx]

In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.^[21] Re-christening the old trivium with a new and more ambitious name: Studia humanitatis , and as well increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new accent on poetry besides.^[22] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.^[23] The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted in Europe until the middle of the twentieth century; in the United States, it had come under increasingly successful attack in the late 19th century by academics interested in reshaping American higher education around the natural and social sciences.^[24] ^[25]

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt'south educational model in Prussia (at present Germany), which afterward became the role model for higher education likewise in North America, went across vocational training. In a letter to the Prussian king, he wrote:

In that location are undeniably certain kinds of knowledge that must exist of a full general nature and, more importantly, a certain cultivation of the listen and character that nobody tin can afford to be without. People obviously cannot be skilful craftworkers, merchants, soldiers or businessmen unless, regardless of their occupation, they are proficient, upstanding and – according to their condition – well-informed human beings and citizens. If this ground is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily caused later on, and a person is always gratis to motility from one occupation to another, as so ofttimes happens in life.^[26]

The philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin has criticized discrepancies between Humboldt's ideals and the contemporary European instruction policy, which narrowly understands education as a preparation for the labor market, arguing that we need to decide between "McKinsey and Humboldt".^[27]

Modernistic usage [edit]

The modern use of the term liberal arts consists of 4 areas: the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

Life sciences (biology, environmental, neuroscience)
Concrete science (physics, astronomy, chemical science, concrete geography)
Logic, mathematics, statistics, computer science
Philosophy
History
Social science (anthropology, economics, human being geography, linguistics, political science, jurisprudence, psychology, and sociology)
Creative arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)

For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's Doc of Liberal Studies program^[28] cover philosophy, theology, history, fine art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan Academy'south Chief of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, picture show, government, teaching, biology, psychology, and astronomy.^[29]

Secondary school [edit]

Liberal arts education at the secondary schoolhouse level prepares students for higher education at a university.^{[ citation needed ]}

Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include language, chemistry, biology, geography, art, music, history, philosophy, civics, social sciences, and strange languages.^{[ citation needed ]}

In the United States [edit]

In the United states of america, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate report in the liberal arts.^[30] The pedagogy at liberal arts colleges is oftentimes Socratic, typically with pocket-size classes; professors are often allowed to concentrate more than on their teaching responsibilities than are professors at research universities.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In add-on, most 4-year colleges are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees, but offer a liberal arts degree, and allow students not majoring in liberal arts to accept courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.^{[ citation needed ]}

Traditionally, a available's degree in one particular area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that principal expanse, is earned over four years of full-time written report. Nevertheless, some universities such as Saint Leo University,^[31] Pennsylvania Country University,^[32] Florida Institute of Technology,^[33] and New England Higher^[34] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges similar the Thomas More Higher of Liberal Arts offering a unique programme with only i degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while the Harvard Extension School offers both a Available of Liberal Arts and a Master of Liberal Arts.^[35] Additionally, colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies and the Harvard Extension School^[36] offer an online, office-time option for developed and nontraditional students.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Most students earn either a Available of Arts caste or a Bachelor of Science^[37] degree; on completing undergraduate report, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate schoolhouse or a professional person school (public assistants, technology, business, law, medicine, theology).^{[ citation needed ]}

Dandy Books motion [edit]

In 1937 St. John'southward Higher changed its curriculum to focus on the Bang-up Books of the Western World to provide a new sort of education that separated itself from the increasingly specialized nature of higher schooling.^[38]

This section needs expansion. You tin can help by adding to information technology. (July 2021)

In Europe [edit]

"Thriumph of S. Tomas & Apologue of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Frasco, 1365-68, Basilica di S. Maria Novella.

In nearly parts of Europe, liberal arts education is securely rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their didactics system it is chosen 'humanistische Bildung' (humanistic teaching). The term is non to be confused with some modern educational concepts that use a similar diction. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a Gymnasium (high school, grammar schoolhouse). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive pedagogy (Bildung) to form personality with regard to a pupil'south own humanity likewise as their innate intellectual skills.^{[ citation needed ]} Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, didactics in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped past the theorists of the Enlightenment; in particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at gymnasia, very ofttimes the function of liberal arts education in undergraduate programs at universities is reduced compared to the US educational arrangement.^{[ citation needed ]} Students are expected to use their skills received at the gymnasium to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, linguistic communication clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do and then and offer respective opportunities only do not make such activities role of the academy'southward curriculum.^{[ citation needed ]}

Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,^[39] the term liberal arts college commonly denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States.^{[ citation needed ]} With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known as Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, United states-manner liberal arts college in 1969,^[xl] only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts instruction to continental Europe, as with Leiden Academy College The Hague, Academy College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt Academy (at present Academy College Roosevelt), University College Twente (ATLAS), Erasmus University Higher, the University of Groningen, Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts, Leuphana Academy of Lüneburg, Central European University, and Bard Higher Berlin, formerly known equally the European College of Liberal Arts. Fundamental European University launched a liberal arts undergraduate degree in Culture, Politics, and Guild ^[41] in 2020 equally part of its move to Vienna and accreditation in Austria. Every bit well every bit the colleges listed above, some universities in the Netherlands offering bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is just showtime to plant itself in Europe. For example, Academy College Dublin offers the caste, as does St. Marys Academy Higher Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities accept opened constituent liberal arts colleges nether the terminology university higher since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's caste in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the get-go of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.^[42] The commencement Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,^[43] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Plan at Uppsala University's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013.^[44] The kickoff Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Didactics (Agile),^[45] an NGO. Thanks to their collaboration, Ilia State University^[46] became the showtime higher education establishment in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.^[47]

In France, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Written report Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a 2-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.^[48] Information technology has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream pedagogy provision in the Britain, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin^[49] and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English language,^[50] leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.^{[ citation needed ]}

In England, the offset establishment^[51] to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at the undergraduate level was the University of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.^[51] In 2012, University Higher London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc caste (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with fourscore students.^[52] King's Higher London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.^[53] The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal instruction programme. Durham University has both a popular BA Liberal Arts and a BA Combined Honours in Social Sciences programme, both of which let for interdisciplinary approaches to education. The University of Nottingham also has a Liberal Arts BA with study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.^[54] In 2016, the Academy of Warwick launched a iii/four-yr liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and trouble-based learning techniques in add-on to providing structured disciplinary pathways.^[55] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.^[56]

In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours caste, specifically the Master of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects earlier specialising in their Honours years (third and 4th year). The Academy of Dundee and the University of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offering a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Slovakia, the Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts (BISLA) is located in the Old Town of Bratislava. It is the first liberal arts college in Central Europe. A private, accredited three-yr degree-granting undergraduate institution, information technology opened in September 2006.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Asia [edit]

"A immature man introduced to the seven Liberal Arts" by Sandro Boticelli, c. 1484. Fresco in Villa Lemni, Florence.

The Commission on Higher Instruction of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher teaching institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities take much more than robust liberal arts core curricula; most notably, the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts cadre curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College is a liberal arts academy in Lahore, Pakistan. It is 1 of the oldest institutions in the Indian subcontinent. Information technology is a chartered university recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Islamic republic of pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Islamic republic of pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal cadre programme which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.^[57] ^[58] The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts courses for all the student body.^{[ citation needed ]}

In India, there are many institutions that offer undergraduate UG or bachelor's degree/diploma and postgraduate PG or master'south caste/diploma also as doctoral PhD and postdoctoral studies and research, in this academic subject area. Manipal Academy of Higher Education – MAHE, an Institution of Eminence equally recognised by MHRD of Govt of India in 2018, houses a Faculty of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, and as well others like Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad Academy, Ashoka University, and Azim Premji University in Bangalore. Lingnan Academy and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan. Fulbright University Vietnam is the first liberal arts institution in Vietnam.^{[ citation needed ]}

In Australia [edit]

Campion Higher is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Commonwealth of australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.^[59]

The Millis Institute is the School of Liberal Arts at Christian Heritage College located in Brisbane. Founded by Dr. Ryan Messmore, former President of Campion College, the Millis Plant offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts in which students tin choose to major in Philosophy, Theology, History or Literature. It too endorses a 'Study Abroad' program whereby students can earn credit towards their degree by undertaking two units over a five-week program at the University of Oxford. As of 2022, Elizabeth Hillman is currently the President of the Millis Constitute.^[60]

A new school of Liberal Arts has been formed in the University of Wollongong; the new Arts grade entitled 'Western Culture' was first offered in 2020. The interdisciplinary curriculum focuses on the classic intellectual and artistic literature of the Western tradition. Courses in the liberal arts have recently been developed at the Academy of Sydney and the University of Notre Dame.^{[ citation needed ]}

Citations [edit]

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^ "What is Liberal Arts? – Ancient, Medieval, Mod". Liberal Arts UK . Retrieved iv June 2018.
^ Kimball, Bruce A., 1951- (1995). Orators & philosophers : a history of the thought of liberal instruction (Expanded ed.). New York: College Entrance Examination Lath. ISBN0-87447-514-vii. OCLC 32776486. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Pedagogy: Liberty is to Larn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1. ISBN978-one-137-35891-two. OCLC 882530818.
^ Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Pedagogy: Freedom is to Acquire. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 17. ISBN978-1-137-35891-ii. OCLC 882530818.
^ "Trivium and Quadrivium | The Seven Liberal Arts | Study Liberal Arts". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 25 Apr 2020.
^ "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts | Essays". Liberal Arts. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
^ Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Heart Ages . Translated by Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Printing. p. 37. ISBN9780691097398. The classical sources include Cicero, De Oratore, I.72–73, Three.127, and De re publica, I.30.
^ Castle, E.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today. p. 59.
^ Kimball, Bruce. Orators and Philosophers. New York: Higher Archway Exam Board, 1995. p. thirteen
^ Cicero. De Inventione. Book ane, Section 35
^ Seneca. Ben Schneider (ed.). "Epistle". Stoics.com. 88. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
^ ^a ^b Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric. p. x.
^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. p. 25.
^ "James Shush: The Solar day the Universe Changed In the Light Of the In a higher place". YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
^ Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Eye Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2 . Retrieved 5 January 2013.
^ Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars. pp. 141–143.
^ ^a ^b Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved 5 Baronial 2019.
^ Griffiths, Fiona J. (3 June 2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the 12th Century. Academy of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812202113.
^ Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
^ Thou. Norton ed., The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism Vol three (1999)p. 46 and pp. 601–iv
^ Paul Oskar Kristeller, Renaissance Thought II: Papers on Humanism and the Arts (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 178.
^ Charles M. Nauert, Humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe (New Approaches to European History) (Cambridge University Printing, 2006), pp. 172–173.
^ Bod, Rens; A New History of the Humanities, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
^ Adler, Eric; The Boxing of the Classics: How a Nineteenth-Century Debate Tin can Save the Humanities Today, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2020, p. 59.
^ As quoted in Profiles of educators: Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) by Karl-Heinz Günther (1988), doi:10.1007/BF02192965
^ Nida-Rümelin, Julian (29 Oct 2009). "Bologna-Prozess: Die Chance zum Kompromiss ist da". Dice Zeit (in German). Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ "curriculum". Georgetown Academy Dr. of Liberal Studies.
^ "Graduate Liberal Studies". Wesleyan University (www.wesleyan.edu).
^ "Defining Liberal Arts Education" (PDF). Wabash Higher. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
^ "Online Liberal Arts Associate Degree". Saint Leo University. Archived from the original on xvi August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
^ "Online Associate in Arts in Letters, Arts, and Sciences | Overview". Penn State Academy. Retrieved 26 Baronial 2013.
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^ For case, Georgia Constitute of Technology'due south bachelor of scientific discipline degree in Practical Languages and Intercultural Studies http://world wide web.modlangs.gatech.edu
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^ Harriman, Philip Fifty. (1935). "Antecedents of the Liberal-Arts College". The Journal of Higher Education. Ohio State University Printing. 6 (2): 63–71. doi:10.2307/1975506. ISSN 1538-4640. JSTOR 1975506.
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^ ^a ^b "It'south the breadth that matters". 23 December 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
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References [edit]

Castle, East.B. (1969). Ancient Education and Today.
Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1948]. European Literature and the Latin Heart Ages . Translated past Trask, Willard R. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN9780691097398.
Griffiths, Fiona J. (2011). The Garden of Delights: Reform and Renaissance for Women in the Twelfth Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812202113.
Kimball, Bruce A. Orators and Philosophers: A History of the Idea of Liberal Educational activity. College Board, 1995.
Lausberg, H. (1998). Handbook of Literary Rhetoric.
Michael, William (2020). "The Virgin Mary and the Classical Liberal Arts". Classical Liberal Arts University.
Tidbury, Iain (5 August 2019). "Liberal Arts Education by and for Women". Liberal Arts . Retrieved v August 2019.
Tubbs, Nigel (2014). Philosophy and Modern Liberal Arts Education: Freedom is to Learn. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-one-137-35891-2. OCLC 882530818.
Waddell, Helen (1968). The Wandering Scholars.
Wagner, David Leslie (1983). The Seven liberal arts in the Middle Ages. Indiana University Press. ISBN978-0-253-35185-2.

External links [edit]

"Arts, Liberal". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Definition and brusque history of the Seven Liberal Arts from 1905.
Fr. Herve de la Tour, "The Seven Liberal Arts", Edocere, a Resource for Catholic Instruction, February 2002. Thomas Aquinas's definition of and justification for a liberal arts education.
Otto Willmann. "The Vii Liberal Arts". In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. Retrieved 13 August 2012.] "[Renaissance] Humanists, over-fond of modify, unjustly condemned the system of the seven liberal arts every bit fell. Information technology is no more barbarous than the Gothic style, a name intended to be a reproach. The Gothic, congenital up on the formulation of the one-time basilica, ancient in origin, even so Christian in character, was misjudged by the Renaissance on business relationship of some excrescences, and obscured by the additions engrafted upon it by modern lack of taste… That the achievements of our forefathers should be understood, recognized, and adapted to our own needs, is surely to be desired."
Andrew Chrucky (i September 2003). "The Aim of Liberal Education". "The content of a liberal education should be moral problems as provided by history, anthropology, sociology, economic science, and politics. And these should be discussed along with a reflection on the nature of morality and the nature of discussions, i.e., through a written report of rhetoric and logic. Since discussion takes place in language, an attempt should be made to develop a facility with linguistic communication."
"Philosophy of Liberal Teaching" A bibliography, compiled by Andrew Chrucky, with links to essays offer different points of view on the meaning of a liberal instruction.
Mark Peltz, "The Liberal Arts and Leadership", College News (The Annapolis Group), 14 May 2012. A defense of liberal education past the Acquaintance Dean of Grinnell College (starting time appeared in Inside Higher Ed).
"Liberal Arts at the Community College", an ERIC Fact Canvass. ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
"A Descriptive Analysis of the Community College Liberal Arts Curriculum". ERIC Clearinghouse for Junior Colleges Los Angeles
The Center of Research in the Liberal Arts. Website about The Wabash Study (for improving liberal pedagogy). Sponsored by the Center of Research in the Liberal Arts at Wabash College (Indiana), the Wabash Report began in the fall of 2010 – scheduled to cease in 2013. Participants include 29 prominent colleges and universities.
Academic Commons. An online platform in support of the liberal education community. It is a forum for sharing practices, outcomes, and lessons learned of online learning. Formerly sponsored by the Center of Inquiry in the Liberal Arts, The Academic Commons is hosted past the National Institute for Engineering in Liberal Education ("NITLE".).
The Liberal Arts Advantage – for Business. Website dedicated to "Bridging the gap between business organisation and the liberal arts". "A liberal arts education is aimed at developing the ability to think, reason, clarify, make up one's mind, discern, and evaluate. That's in dissimilarity to a professional or technical education (business, engineering, computer science, etc.) which develops specific abilities aimed at preparing students for vocations."
Video explanation past Professor Nigel Tubbs of liberal arts curriculum and caste requirements of Winchester University, Uk.. "Liberal arts educational activity (Latin: liberalis, free, and ars, art or principled practice) involves us in thinking philosophically across many subject field boundaries in the humanities, the social and natural sciences, and fine arts. The caste combines compulsory modules covering art, faith, literature, science and the history of ideas with a wide range of optional modules. This enables students to accept flexibility and control over their programme of study and the content of their assessments."

turneranater.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education

The Seven Liberal Arts That the Universities of Europe Established as Their Curriculum Comprised the

History [edit]

Modernistic usage [edit]

Secondary school [edit]

In the United States [edit]

Dandy Books motion [edit]

In Europe [edit]

In Asia [edit]

In Australia [edit]

See also [edit]

Citations [edit]

References [edit]

Further reading [edit]

External links [edit]

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